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'''AB-FUBINACA''' is a novel synthetic [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] compound. Members of this group produce cannabis-like effects when [[administered]].
'''AB-FUBINACA''' is a novel synthetic [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] compound. Members of this group produce cannabis-like effects when [[administered]].


AB-FUBINACA was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an [[analgesic]] medication,<ref>The cannabinoid receptors (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12432948</ref> but was not pursued for human use. Subsequently in 2012, it was discovered as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan<ref>Uchiyama, N.; Matsuda, S.; Wakana, D.; Kikura-Hanajiri, R.; Goda, Y. (2012). "New cannabimimetic indazole derivatives, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) identified as [[designer drug]]s in illegal products".</ref> along with a related compound [[AB-PINACA]] which had not previously been reported.
AB-FUBINACA was originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an [[analgesic]] medication,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Howlett, A. C.)) | journal=Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators | title=The cannabinoid receptors | volume=68–69 | pages=619–631 | date= August 2002 | issn=1098-8823 | doi=10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00060-6}}</ref> but was not pursued for human use. Subsequently in 2012, it was discovered as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Uchiyama, N.)), ((Matsuda, S.)), ((Wakana, D.)), ((Kikura-Hanajiri, R.)), ((Goda, Y.)) | journal=Forensic Toxicology | title=New cannabimimetic indazole derivatives, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-FUBINACA) identified as designer drugs in illegal products | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=93–100 | date= January 2013 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11419-012-0171-4 | issn=1860-8965 | doi=10.1007/s11419-012-0171-4}}</ref> along with a related compound [[AB-PINACA]] which had not previously been reported.


Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. AB-FUBINACA is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids.
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. AB-FUBINACA is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids.
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*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of AB-FUBINACA may be described as a warm, soft, pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. At high doses, this can become uncomfortably intense.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of AB-FUBINACA may be described as a warm, soft, pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body after initial ingestion. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating. At high doses, this can become uncomfortably intense.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. (1984). Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5772-1.</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, AB-FUBINACA causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">{{Citation | year=2001 | title=How Marijuana Works | url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref>
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - AB-FUBINACA can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable.
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - AB-FUBINACA can cause vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable.
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence - The British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2004, 184 (2) 110-117  | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication - The Journal of Emergency Medicine  Volume 40, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 296–299 (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed - Pediatric Emergency Care: June 2010 - Volume 26 - Issue 6 - pp 462-465 | http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2018">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arseneault, L.)), ((Cannon, M.)), ((Witton, J.)), ((Murray, R. M.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry | title=Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | volume=184 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | date= February 2004 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/causal-association-between-cannabis-and-psychosis-examination-of-the-evidence/71BA37D16485F186CE7B6B785E5B69A4 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.184.2.110}}</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Every-Palmer, S.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence | title=Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study | volume=117 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–157 | date= September 2011 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871611000639 | issn=03768716 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012}}</ref><ref name="Schneir2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schneir, A. B.)), ((Cullen, J.)), ((Ly, B. T.)) | journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=296–299 | date=1 March 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802 | issn=0736-4679 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Osterhoudt2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vearrier, D.)), ((Osterhoudt, K. C.)) | journal=Pediatric Emergency Care | title=A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=462–465 | date= June 2010 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006565-201006000-00016 | issn=0749-5161 | doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Personal meaning enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personal meaning enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
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The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational AB-FUBINACA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because AB-FUBINACA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried AB-FUBINACA within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep.  
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational AB-FUBINACA use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because AB-FUBINACA has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried AB-FUBINACA within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep.  


It is worth noting that this compound has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use.<ref>Synthetic Cannabinoid–Related Illnesses and Deaths | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1505328</ref><ref>Suicide attempt with a mix of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC | http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738(16)00037-2/abstract</ref>
It is worth noting that this compound has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Trecki, J.)), ((Gerona, R. R.)), ((Schwartz, M. D.)) | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | title=Synthetic Cannabinoid–Related Illnesses and Deaths | volume=373 | issue=2 | pages=103–107 | date=9 July 2015 | url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1505328 | issn=0028-4793 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp1505328}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Klavž, J.)), ((Gorenjak, M.)), ((Marinšek, M.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Suicide attempt with a mix of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones: Case report of non-fatal intoxication with AB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, alpha-PHP, alpha-PVP and 4-CMC | volume=265 | pages=121–124 | date= August 2016 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073816000372 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.018}}</ref>


It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref>Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence - The British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 2004, 184 (2) 110-117  | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication - The Journal of Emergency Medicine  Volume 40, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 296–299 (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed - Pediatric Emergency Care: June 2010 - Volume 26 - Issue 6 - pp 462-465 | http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref>
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2018"></ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer"></ref><ref name="Schneir2011"></ref><ref name="Osterhoudt2010"></ref>


As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a typical dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience.
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a typical dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience.
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==Legal status==
==Legal status==
Internationally, AB-FUBINACA was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II controlled substance in March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Announcement/Details/021820a0-8746-42a4-9ee3-47ce50b30ca3|date=December 2019|title=WHO: World Health Organization recommends 12 NPS for scheduling|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/18-03-2020-c-n-d-accepts-all-w-h-o-recommendations-from-42nd-e-c-d-d|title=CND accepts all WHO recommendations on the control of several psychoactive substances from the 42nd ECDD meeting|date=March 18, 2020|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>


*'''China:''' As of October 2015 AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref>
*'''China''': As of October 2015 AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance in China.<ref>关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref>
*'''Germany:''' On December 13, 2014 AB-FUBINACA was added to the controlled substance act ("BtMG"), making it illegal to produce, sell or possess.<ref>Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (28. BtMÄndV)| http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11392/a189949.htm</ref>
*'''Germany''': AB-FUBINACA is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2014 Teil I Nr. 57|pages=1999-2002|publication-date=December 12, 2014|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Latvia:''' AB-FUBINACA is a Schedule I drug.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (Indazola-3-karbonilatvasinājumi) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''Latvia''': AB-FUBINACA is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' AB-FUBINACA is a class B drug under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on the 14th December 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. <ref>The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made</ref>
*'''Poland''': AB­-FUBINACA is under the II-P group as of March 11, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/rok/2021/pozycja/518 |title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 11 marca 2021 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych |language=Polish |work=DZIENNIK USTAW 2021 R. POZ. 518 |date=2021-03-22 |deadurl=no }}</ref> It is illegal to own, possess, and sell in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/D2021000051801.pdf |format=PDF |title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 11 marca 2021 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych |language=Polish |work=DZIENNIK USTAW 2021 R. POZ. 518 |date=2021-03-22 }}</ref>
*'''United States:''' In January 2014, AB-FUBINACA was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.<ref>Four Postmortem Case Reports with Quantitative Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22 (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876364</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': AB-FUBINACA is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': AB-FUBINACA is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. <ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made}}</ref>
*'''United States''': In January 2014, AB-FUBINACA was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Behonick, G.)), ((Shanks, K. G.)), ((Firchau, D. J.)), ((Mathur, G.)), ((Lynch, C. F.)), ((Nashelsky, M.)), ((Jaskierny, D. J.)), ((Meroueh, C.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22 | volume=38 | issue=8 | pages=559–562 | date= October 2014 | issn=1945-2403 | doi=10.1093/jat/bku048}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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<references />
<references />
{{#set:Featured=true}}
{{#set:Featured=true}}
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]
[[Category:Indazole]]
[[Category:Indazolecarboxamide]]
[[Category:Cannabinoid]]
[[Category:Cannabinoid]]
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