Sleepiness: Difference between revisions

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'''Sleepiness''' ~~can be described~~ as ~~an increased~~ desire to sleep ~~and a decreased propensity to stay conscious~~ without feeling ~~tired~~. It is ~~contrasted with~~ [[sedation]] ~~in that it~~ does not decrease physical energy levels but instead ~~increases the~~ propensity of tired, clouded, and sleep-prone ~~behavior~~. This ~~effect leads to~~ decreased ~~levels of~~ motivation ~~and drive~~ to perform tasks ~~due to an~~ increase in one's desire to sleep. Prolonged exposure without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]].

<onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') is medically recognized as a state of near-sleep, or a strong desire for sleep without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=829|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref><ref name="Guilleminault2001">{{cite journal|last1=Guilleminault|first1=C.|title=Excessive daytime sleepiness: A challenge for the practising neurologist|journal=Brain|volume=124|issue=8|year=2001|pages=1482–1491|issn=14602156|doi=10.1093/brain/124.8.1482}}</ref><ref name="BereshpolovaStoelzel2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bereshpolova|first1=Y.|last2=Stoelzel|first2=C. R.|last3=Zhuang|first3=J.|last4=Amitai|first4=Y.|last5=Alonso|first5=J.-M.|last6=Swadlow|first6=H. A.|title=Getting Drowsy? Alert/Nonalert Transitions and Visual Thalamocortical Network Dynamics|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=31|issue=48|year=2011|pages=17480–17487|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011}}</ref> This state is independent of a circadian rhythm;<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness" /> so, unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]]. It results in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions.

~~Drugs with this specific mode~~ of ~~action include~~ [[~~melatonin~~]] and [[~~DPH~~]]. ~~They are collectively referred~~ to as [[~~hypnotic~~]]s, the ~~opposite~~ of [[~~eugeroic~~]]s.

Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref name="WareWang2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ware|first1=M. A.|last2=Wang|first2=T.|last3=Shapiro|first3=S.|last4=Robinson|first4=A.|last5=Ducruet|first5=T.|last6=Huynh|first6=T.|last7=Gamsa|first7=A.|last8=Bennett|first8=G. J.|last9=Collet|first9=J.-P.|title=Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=182|issue=14|year=2010|pages=E694–E701|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.091414}}</ref> [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref name="LandauerHowat2007">{{cite journal|last1=Landauer|first1=Ali A.|last2=Howat|first2=Peter|title=Low and moderate alcohol doses, psychomotor performance and perceived drowsiness|journal=Ergonomics|volume=26|issue=7|year=2007|pages=647–657|issn=0014-0139|doi=10.1080/00140138308963386}}</ref><ref name="Koch-WeserGreenblatt1983">{{cite journal|last1=Koch-Weser|first1=Jan|last2=Greenblatt|first2=David J.|last3=Shader|first3=Richard I.|last4=Abernethy|first4=Darrell R.|title=Current Status of Benzodiazepines|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=309|issue=7|year=1983|pages=410–416|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090705}}</ref> [[opioid|opioids]],<ref name="CoreyHeck2016">{{cite journal|last1=Corey|first1=PJ|last2=Heck|first2=Amy M|last3=Weathermon|first3=Ronnie A|title=Amphetamines to Counteract Opioid-Induced Sedation|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=33|issue=12|year=2016|pages=1362–1366|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.19024}}</ref> [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]],<ref name="Van Putten1981">{{cite journal|last1=Van Putten|first1=Theodore|title=Subjective Response to Antipsychotic Drugs|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=2|year=1981|pages=187|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780270073010}}</ref><ref name="ArtaloytiaArango2006">{{cite journal|last1=Artaloytia|first1=Juan Francisco|last2=Arango|first2=Celso|last3=Lahti|first3=Adrienne|last4=Sanz|first4=Javier|last5=Pascual|first5=Ana|last6=Cubero|first6=Pedro|last7=Prieto|first7=David|last8=Palomo|first8=Tomás|title=Negative Signs and Symptoms Secondary to Antipsychotics: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of a Single Dose of Placebo, Haloperidol, and Risperidone in Healthy Volunteers|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=163|issue=3|year=2006|pages=488–493|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488}}</ref> some [[antihistamine|antihistamines]],<ref name="WeilerBloomfield2000">{{cite journal|last1=Weiler|first1=John M.|last2=Bloomfield|first2=John R.|last3=Woodworth|first3=George G.|last4=Grant|first4=Angela R.|last5=Layton|first5=Teresa A.|last6=Brown|first6=Timothy L.|last7=McKenzie|first7=David R.|last8=Baker|first8=Thomas W.|last9=Watson|first9=Ginger S.|title=Effects of Fexofenadine, Diphenhydramine, and Alcohol on Driving Performance|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=132|issue=5|year=2000|pages=354|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00004}}</ref> and certain [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[hypnotic|hypnotics]].</onlyinclude>

===Psychoactive substances===

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}

Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===Experience reports===

Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:

{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}

===See also===

*[[Responsible use]]

*[[Subjective effects index]]

*[[Physical effects]]

[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Suppression]] [[Category:Effect]]

===External links===

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence Somnolence (Wikipedia)]

===References===

[[Category:Cognitive]]

[[Category:Suppression]]

[[Category:Effect]]

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-'''Sleepiness''' can be described as an increased desire to sleep and a decreased propensity to stay conscious without feeling tired. It is contrasted with [[sedation]] in that it does not decrease physical energy levels but instead increases the propensity of tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behavior. This effect leads to decreased levels of motivation and drive to perform tasks due to an increase in one's desire to sleep. Prolonged exposure without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]].
+<onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') is medically recognized as a state of near-sleep, or a strong desire for sleep without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=829|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref><ref name="Guilleminault2001">{{cite journal|last1=Guilleminault|first1=C.|title=Excessive daytime sleepiness: A challenge for the practising neurologist|journal=Brain|volume=124|issue=8|year=2001|pages=1482–1491|issn=14602156|doi=10.1093/brain/124.8.1482}}</ref><ref name="BereshpolovaStoelzel2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bereshpolova|first1=Y.|last2=Stoelzel|first2=C. R.|last3=Zhuang|first3=J.|last4=Amitai|first4=Y.|last5=Alonso|first5=J.-M.|last6=Swadlow|first6=H. A.|title=Getting Drowsy? Alert/Nonalert Transitions and Visual Thalamocortical Network Dynamics|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=31|issue=48|year=2011|pages=17480–17487|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011}}</ref> This state is independent of a circadian rhythm;<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness" /> so, unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]]. It results in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions.
-Drugs with this specific mode of action include [[melatonin]] and [[DPH]]. They are collectively referred to as [[hypnotic]]s, the opposite of [[eugeroic]]s.
+Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref name="WareWang2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ware|first1=M. A.|last2=Wang|first2=T.|last3=Shapiro|first3=S.|last4=Robinson|first4=A.|last5=Ducruet|first5=T.|last6=Huynh|first6=T.|last7=Gamsa|first7=A.|last8=Bennett|first8=G. J.|last9=Collet|first9=J.-P.|title=Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=182|issue=14|year=2010|pages=E694–E701|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.091414}}</ref> [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref name="LandauerHowat2007">{{cite journal|last1=Landauer|first1=Ali A.|last2=Howat|first2=Peter|title=Low and moderate alcohol doses, psychomotor performance and perceived drowsiness|journal=Ergonomics|volume=26|issue=7|year=2007|pages=647–657|issn=0014-0139|doi=10.1080/00140138308963386}}</ref><ref name="Koch-WeserGreenblatt1983">{{cite journal|last1=Koch-Weser|first1=Jan|last2=Greenblatt|first2=David J.|last3=Shader|first3=Richard I.|last4=Abernethy|first4=Darrell R.|title=Current Status of Benzodiazepines|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=309|issue=7|year=1983|pages=410–416|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090705}}</ref> [[opioid|opioids]],<ref name="CoreyHeck2016">{{cite journal|last1=Corey|first1=PJ|last2=Heck|first2=Amy M|last3=Weathermon|first3=Ronnie A|title=Amphetamines to Counteract Opioid-Induced Sedation|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=33|issue=12|year=2016|pages=1362–1366|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.19024}}</ref> [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]],<ref name="Van Putten1981">{{cite journal|last1=Van Putten|first1=Theodore|title=Subjective Response to Antipsychotic Drugs|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=2|year=1981|pages=187|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780270073010}}</ref><ref name="ArtaloytiaArango2006">{{cite journal|last1=Artaloytia|first1=Juan Francisco|last2=Arango|first2=Celso|last3=Lahti|first3=Adrienne|last4=Sanz|first4=Javier|last5=Pascual|first5=Ana|last6=Cubero|first6=Pedro|last7=Prieto|first7=David|last8=Palomo|first8=Tomás|title=Negative Signs and Symptoms Secondary to Antipsychotics: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of a Single Dose of Placebo, Haloperidol, and Risperidone in Healthy Volunteers|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=163|issue=3|year=2006|pages=488–493|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488}}</ref> some [[antihistamine|antihistamines]],<ref name="WeilerBloomfield2000">{{cite journal|last1=Weiler|first1=John M.|last2=Bloomfield|first2=John R.|last3=Woodworth|first3=George G.|last4=Grant|first4=Angela R.|last5=Layton|first5=Teresa A.|last6=Brown|first6=Timothy L.|last7=McKenzie|first7=David R.|last8=Baker|first8=Thomas W.|last9=Watson|first9=Ginger S.|title=Effects of Fexofenadine, Diphenhydramine, and Alcohol on Driving Performance|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=132|issue=5|year=2000|pages=354|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00004}}</ref> and certain [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[hypnotic|hypnotics]].</onlyinclude>
 ===Psychoactive substances===
-{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
+Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
+{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
+===Experience reports===
+Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
+{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
 ===See also===
 *[[Responsible use]]
 *[[Subjective effects index]]
 *[[Physical effects]]
-[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Suppression]] [[Category:Effect]]
+===External links===
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence Somnolence (Wikipedia)]
+===References===
+<references />
+[[Category:Cognitive]]
+[[Category:Suppression]]
+[[Category:Effect]]