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<onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') can be described as an increased urge to sleep combined with a growing inability to stay awake without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref>Sleepiness definition | https://www.thefreedictionary.com/sleepiness</ref><ref>Excessive daytime sleepiness: A challenge for the practising neurologist | https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/124/8/1482/479942?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ref><ref>Getting drowsy? Alert/nonalert transitions and visual thalamocortical network dynamics (ncbi) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22131409</ref> Unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]], resulting in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions.
<onlyinclude>'''Sleepiness''' (also known as '''drowsiness''') is medically recognized as a state of near-sleep, or a strong desire for sleep without feeling a decrease in one's physical energy levels.<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=829|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref><ref name="Guilleminault2001">{{cite journal|last1=Guilleminault|first1=C.|title=Excessive daytime sleepiness: A challenge for the practising neurologist|journal=Brain|volume=124|issue=8|year=2001|pages=1482–1491|issn=14602156|doi=10.1093/brain/124.8.1482}}</ref><ref name="BereshpolovaStoelzel2011">{{cite journal|last1=Bereshpolova|first1=Y.|last2=Stoelzel|first2=C. R.|last3=Zhuang|first3=J.|last4=Amitai|first4=Y.|last5=Alonso|first5=J.-M.|last6=Swadlow|first6=H. A.|title=Getting Drowsy? Alert/Nonalert Transitions and Visual Thalamocortical Network Dynamics|journal=Journal of Neuroscience|volume=31|issue=48|year=2011|pages=17480–17487|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2262-11.2011}}</ref> This state is independent of a circadian rhythm;<ref name="DSM5GlossarySleepiness" /> so, unlike [[sedation]], this effect does not necessarily decrease physical energy levels but instead decreases [[wakefulness]]. It results in a propensity for tired, clouded, and sleep-prone behaviour. This can lead into a decreased motivation to perform tasks, as the increase in one's desire to sleep begins to outweigh other considerations. Prolonged exposure to this effect without appropriate rest can lead to [[cognitive fatigue]] and a range of other cognitive suppressions.


Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref>Cannabis and Sleep: 10 Things to Know About Your Herbal Nightcap (leafly) | https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/cannabis-and-sleep</ref> [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref>The Effects of Alcohol on Sleep (UC Davis) |https://shcs.ucdavis.edu/blog/archive/healthy-habits/effects-alcohol-sleep</ref><ref>Benzodiazepines – Types, Side Effects, Addiction, and Withdrawal (tuck.com) | https://www.tuck.com/benzodiazepines/</ref> [[opioid|opioids]],<ref>Amphetamines to Counteract Opioid-Induced Sedation (sage journals) | http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1345/aph.19024</ref> [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]],<ref>Combating Drowsiness Caused by Antipsychotics (PsycheCentral) | https://blogs.psychcentral.com/bipolar-laid-bare/2016/07/combating-drowsiness-caused-by-antipsychotics/</ref> some [[antihistamine|antihistamines]],<ref>Why Do Antihistamines Make You Drowsy? (livescience) | https://www.livescience.com/41999-antihistamines-drowsy-benadryl-allergies.html</ref> and certain [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[hypnotic|hypnotics]].</onlyinclude>
Sleepiness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]],<ref name="WareWang2010">{{cite journal|last1=Ware|first1=M. A.|last2=Wang|first2=T.|last3=Shapiro|first3=S.|last4=Robinson|first4=A.|last5=Ducruet|first5=T.|last6=Huynh|first6=T.|last7=Gamsa|first7=A.|last8=Bennett|first8=G. J.|last9=Collet|first9=J.-P.|title=Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=182|issue=14|year=2010|pages=E694–E701|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.091414}}</ref> [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref name="LandauerHowat2007">{{cite journal|last1=Landauer|first1=Ali A.|last2=Howat|first2=Peter|title=Low and moderate alcohol doses, psychomotor performance and perceived drowsiness|journal=Ergonomics|volume=26|issue=7|year=2007|pages=647–657|issn=0014-0139|doi=10.1080/00140138308963386}}</ref><ref name="Koch-WeserGreenblatt1983">{{cite journal|last1=Koch-Weser|first1=Jan|last2=Greenblatt|first2=David J.|last3=Shader|first3=Richard I.|last4=Abernethy|first4=Darrell R.|title=Current Status of Benzodiazepines|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=309|issue=7|year=1983|pages=410–416|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM198308183090705}}</ref> [[opioid|opioids]],<ref name="CoreyHeck2016">{{cite journal|last1=Corey|first1=PJ|last2=Heck|first2=Amy M|last3=Weathermon|first3=Ronnie A|title=Amphetamines to Counteract Opioid-Induced Sedation|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=33|issue=12|year=2016|pages=1362–1366|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.19024}}</ref> [[antipsychotic|antipsychotics]],<ref name="Van Putten1981">{{cite journal|last1=Van Putten|first1=Theodore|title=Subjective Response to Antipsychotic Drugs|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=38|issue=2|year=1981|pages=187|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780270073010}}</ref><ref name="ArtaloytiaArango2006">{{cite journal|last1=Artaloytia|first1=Juan Francisco|last2=Arango|first2=Celso|last3=Lahti|first3=Adrienne|last4=Sanz|first4=Javier|last5=Pascual|first5=Ana|last6=Cubero|first6=Pedro|last7=Prieto|first7=David|last8=Palomo|first8=Tomás|title=Negative Signs and Symptoms Secondary to Antipsychotics: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of a Single Dose of Placebo, Haloperidol, and Risperidone in Healthy Volunteers|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=163|issue=3|year=2006|pages=488–493|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.488}}</ref> some [[antihistamine|antihistamines]],<ref name="WeilerBloomfield2000">{{cite journal|last1=Weiler|first1=John M.|last2=Bloomfield|first2=John R.|last3=Woodworth|first3=George G.|last4=Grant|first4=Angela R.|last5=Layton|first5=Teresa A.|last6=Brown|first6=Timothy L.|last7=McKenzie|first7=David R.|last8=Baker|first8=Thomas W.|last9=Watson|first9=Ginger S.|title=Effects of Fexofenadine, Diphenhydramine, and Alcohol on Driving Performance|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=132|issue=5|year=2000|pages=354|issn=0003-4819|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00004}}</ref> and certain [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[hypnotic|hypnotics]].</onlyinclude>
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Sleepiness]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence Somnolence (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence Somnolence (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Suppression]] [[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]  
[[Category:Suppression]]  
[[Category:Effect]]
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