User:Stasconstantine/etrПсиходелики: Difference between revisions

'''Psychedelics''' are a class of [[hallucinogens]] that act primarily by binding to and [[agonist|activating]] the receptors for [[serotonin]], a key [[neurotransmitter|signaling molecule in the brain]]. Serotonin plays a number of critical roles all throughout the human body but in the brain, it is especially linked to the proper functioning and regulation of sensory perception, behavior, mood, cognition and memory.<ref name=nichols5HT>Nichols, D. E., & Nichols, C. D. (2008). Serotonin Receptors. ''Chemical Reviews'', 108(5), 1614-1641. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr078224o</ref>

The term was coined by the British psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond in 1956 and derives from the Greek words ''ψυχή'' (psyche, "soul, mind") and ''δηλείν'' (delein, "to manifest") which taken together mean "soul-manifesting," with the implication being that psychedelics can allow one to access the soul and develop unused potentials of the human mind.<ref>A. Weil, W. Rosen. (1993), ''From Chocolate To Morphine: Everything You Need To Know About Mind-Altering Drugs''.New York, Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 93</ref><ref>Erowid. (1998, August 9). Erowid Humphry Osmond Vault. Retrieved from https://erowid.org/culture/characters/osmond_humphry/osmond_humphry.shtml</ref>

In modern times, psychedelic substances are used in a range of contexts spanning from the shamanic, religious and "spiritual", or the [[transpersonal]]. They are often referred to as [[entheogens]] ("generating the divine within")<ref>Dictionary - Entheogen | http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entheogen</ref> by those who use them for these purposes, although they are also used solely for [[recreational drug use|recreational purposes]] as well.

[[File:Psilocybin neural connections.jpg|350px|thumbnail|right|The diagram above demonstrates the neural connections associated with sobriety in comparison to being under the influence of psilocybin as demonstrated through the use of MRI scans. The width of the links is proportional to their weight and the size of the nodes is proportional to their strength. Note that the proportion of heavy links between communities is much higher (and very different) in the psilocybin group, suggesting greater integration<ref>Petri, G., Expert, P., Turkheimer, F., Nutt, D., Hellyer, P. J., & Vaccarino, F. (2014). Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2618</ref>]]

[[File:Lsd brain scan.jpg|thumbnail|350px|right|This image shows how, with eyes-closed, much more of the brain contributes to the visual experience under LSD (right image) than under placebo (left image). The magnitude of this effect correlates with participants’ reports of complex, dreamlike visions.<ref>Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., … Nutt, D. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518377113</ref>]]

While the method of action behind psychedelics is not fully understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show affinities for various 5-HT receptors in different ways and levels and may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT subsites, such as 5-HT_1A, 5-HT_1B, 5-HT_2A, etc. Many serotonergic psychedelics (such as the [[tryptamine|tryptamines]]) share very close chemical and structural similarities to serotonin itself which is thought to account for the range of affinities to 5-HT sites that it displays. It is almost unanimously agreed that serotonergic psychedelics produce their effects by acting as uniquely effective [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonists]] at 5-HT_2A receptor sites.<ref name="nicholspsy">Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. ''Pharmacological Reviews'', 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478</ref>

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<h4 class="media-heading">Улучшения</h4>

*[[Pattern recognition enhancement]]

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<h4 class="media-heading">Искажения</h4>

*[[After images]]

*[[Depth perception distortions]]

*[[Diffraction]]

*[[Perspective distortions]]

*[[Recursion]]

*[[Scenery slicing]]

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*[[Machinescapes]]

*[[Perspective alterations]]

*[[Transformations]]

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[[File:molecules.png|351px|thumb|right|''Psychedelic structural comparison diagram.]]

The "classical psychedelics" are all classed as [[Serotonergic psychedelic|serotonergic]] in nature.<ref name="nicholspsy" />This means that they structurally mimic the endogenous [[neurotransmitter]] known as [[serotonin]], the neurotransmitter that regulates higher-level brain functions such as mood, sensory perception, cognition, and memory.<ref name="nichols5HT" /> The diagram to the right shows the structural similarities and differences between the various classes of psychedelics and the serotonin neurotransmitter.  

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* [[DMT]]

* [[MET]]

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* [[4-PO-DMT]] (''Psilocybin'')

* [[4-HO-DMT]] (''Psilocin'')

==References==

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